Drawing on a large empirical study of patent prosecution, estoppel is dangerously sensitive to differences between patent examiners and differences across technology categories.

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Many businesses coordinate the demands of distinct groups of customers who need each other. Credit card companies, for example, link consumers and retailers, dating clubs enable men and women to meet each other; and computer operating systems coordinate hardware vendors, applications developers, and...

Google's plan to digitize some of the world's largest library collections and make them searchable online has proven controversial.

Google hopes to scan some of the largest library collections in the world and make them searchable online. This ambitious goal is intensely controversial. Some contend that “Google Book Search” could be a valuable research resource and boost book sales, while others believe it violates copyright laws. The...