Research suggests that institutions limit the extent to which efficient policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are likely to be adopted.

The United Nations conference in Copenhagen will follow in the hypocritical footsteps of Kyoto, with countries declaring their resolution to curb GHG emissions while at the same time either refusing to pay the costs or claiming exemption from controls.

Gradually lowering greenhouse gas emissions would be worthwhile were all states to join in the effort, but absent such strong, broad-based action, countries should explore other means of limiting harm from climate change.

The generation of new knowledge and the extent to which this knowledge is spread will be crucial components of efforts to address global climate change at acceptable costs.

A critical step in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the introduction of new technologies for energy supply and use.

Can improved technologies help developing countriesreduce energy use per unit of economic output to produce greater wealth, health, and environmental quality?

Broad societal parameters are essential for assessing economic growth: fundamental social, legal, and political institutions; the rule of law; property rights; and enforcement of contracts.

To reduce poverty and increase energy efficiency, developed countries shouldally with developing countries to allow for smoother technology transfer and faster economic growth.