ABSTRACT

Using 1437 samples of Ciprofloxacin from 18 low-to-middle-income countries, we aim to understand the role that regulation and distribution channel have played in signaling and ensuring drug safety. According to the World Health Organization, some poor quality drugs are deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled with respect to identity or source while...

Using 1437 samples of Ciprofloxacin from 18 low-to-middle-income countries, we aim to understand the role that regulation and distribution channel have played in signaling and ensuring drug safety.

$25 billion in National Mortgage Settlement and other policy efforts have worked to prevent the real estate market from clearing.  At the same time, these policies have harmed those who have done the right thing.

"They do that because they were born that way."

If you say that about homosexuals, you are tolerant and realistic. If you say it about blacks, you are racist (unless you're black yourself). If you say it about women, you may or may not be sexist, depending on who is manning...

From the economic point of view, the harm of substandard or counterfeit drugs depends on whether consumers can tell drug quality from direct or indirect information. If poor-quality drugs can always pretend to be of high quality, consumers are deceived and manufacturers are discouraged to produce high-quality in the long run.

Drug quality is probably improving in Lagos, the largest city of Nigeria, and Accra, the capital of Ghana, which each have serious problems with substandard pharmaceuticals.

Substandard and counterfeit drugs can be lethal to patients and accelerate drug resistance across at-risk populations.

Failing drugs are priced 13-18 percent lower than non-failing drugs, but the signaling effect of price is far from complete.